Jun 29

When searching for a legal English course, it is wise to consider the advantages of following a training course in a country, such as England, where the target language is spoken as a first language by the vast majority of the population.

First, a legal English course in England offers the delegate the advantage of travelling away from his/her place of work. There are therefore fewer possibilities of professional interruptions from the learning process, allowing the delegate to concentrate fully on the course content. The trainee benefits enormously from being able to focus fully on the tasks at hand.

Second, the delegate is completely immersed in the target language. English is not just the language inside but also outside the training room and can be further practised in social situations organised or suggested by the training organisation. Natural practice of the language is essential in increasing confidence and fluency. There is nothing like a social evening in an English pub to encourage conversation.

Third, being on a legal English course in England enables the delegate to visit the local law courts and/or a practising law firm. This type of activity permits the delegate to see legal English being used naturally.

Fourth, by deciding upon England, training organisations should be in a better position to offer the delegate a high-quality course. As the trainer on a legal course should be a practising legal professional as well as a qualified English language trainer (guaranteed by the better training organisations), it is easier for training organisations to find the perfect trainer to match the delegate’s level of English, specific requirements and objectives from the higher number of trainers available in England. .

Business People 8 Sean Locke i1 Learning Legal English in England

© istockphoto.com/ Sean Locke

This provision of quality, however, also depends on the delegate doing research and choosing an organisation with a good reputation and credentials. The training organisation should be able to respond to the delegate’s requirements in terms of course content and organisation. The delegate’s language level and objectives should be analysed, for example, before the appropriate trainer is assigned. As far as course organisation is concerned, an example of the kind of flexibility a delegate should expect is that offered by the Culture and Communication Skills Consultancy Communicaid.

All of the above advantages can be possible in a variety of locations in England. Whether the delegate feels more comfortable in a large city or a small town, these advantages remain the same. In addition, travel to England is relatively easy by plane or cross-channel rail and the country is manageable in terms of size. This means that a legal delegate who wishes to attend a training course in the north of the country, for example, is only a few hours away from London in the south.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 28

When choosing a Legal English course, look no further than London. England’s capital city provides a lot of advantages which can only improve the chances that your legal English course is a success.

London is easily accessible from any country in the world. In addition to having four international airports (Heathrow, Gatwick, Luton and Stansted), the Eurostar rail connection takes you into the centre of London (St Pancras), comfortably and quickly. The underground network and good bus and taxi systems mean that you do not need to worry about not having your car during the stay.

Business People 9 Jacob Wackerhausen i Legal English Course in London

© istockphoto.com/ Jacob Wackerhausen

London offers not just an ideal place to train, but also the possibility of immersing yourself in the target language (English). Out of the training room, you are in contact with English as you pursue the social activities or go on the visits of your choice. Being cut off from your everyday language and daily work tasks enables you to focus solely on the task in hand – the improvement of your legal English. Instead of being an addition to the working week, the legal English course will become your principal activity and will therefore benefit from your undivided attention and energy.

London is the UK’s centre of government, law, commerce and finance. London is also a bustling city which offers an excellent range of bars, restaurants and clubs in addition to being the centre for British theatres and museums. A legal English course in this city provides visits to the law courts and law firms so that you can observe English being used in a legal setting. London is famous for its specialised bookshops and so any publications which might further your professional expertise are readily available.

When choosing your legal English training centre in London, take care to check the credentials of the courses offered. Communicaid’s legal English courses are fully accredited for Continuing Professional Education/Development points by The Law Society of England and Wales and the French Bar Association. References are also essential. Which organisations has the training organisation already worked with? A reputable organisation should cite these on their website.

Flexibility is also key as training organisations need to be able to adapt to the availabilities of their professional trainees as much as possible. Are the legal training courses at the heart of what the training organisation offers, or are they added on as an after-thought in order to capture more of the English language training market? Communicaid, for example, does not limit its choice of programmes to ‘Legal English’ – a catch-all term for a vast area. It offers programmes for legal secretaries, for lawyers, for drafting contracts in English, for those people who work in the fields of intellectual property, corporate finance, construction law and food and drugs administration.

In addition to the above legal English courses, they also design programmes focusing on specific skill areas such as negotiating, advising and advocacy. The training organisation with a professional focus will also guarantee the provision of professional dually-qualified trainers: having one qualification in the legal profession and another as an English language trainer.

In summary, London is an excellent destination for your legal English training requirements.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 23

Why does legal English need to be separated from other types of English, such as business English and scientific English? The case is clear for anyone who has had dealings with a lawyer and the law. The language used by trained legal professionals, such as solicitors or barristers or by paralegals, such as legal secretaries and law professors, is very distinct from everyday professional English (commonly referred to as ‘business English’). For this reason there now exist specific legal English examinations: TOLES (Test of Legal English Skills) and the Cambridge ILEC (International Legal English Certificate).

Business People 4 Neustockimages i What is Legal English?

© istockphoto.com/ Neustockimages

In order to understand these differences, one needs to understand that both Latin and French were used as legal languages before English became the official language of law in Britain in the 17th Century. By this time, a substantial amount of earlier vocabulary had already become part of legal usage and is used today (Latin phrases such as ‘mens’ and ‘rea’ and French loanwords such as ‘lien’, plaintiff’ and ‘tort’). Learning the vocabulary of legal English is not enough, however, as the style of legal writing refers back to these complex origins as well. Sentences are often long and contain very complex grammatical structures, which are not used in any other form of English. All of this language needs to be practised in context so that the learner is sure of how to communicate appropriately in different situations.

The complexities of this style of writing are most pertinently conveyed by a qualified legal professional; not only for these purely grammatical and lexical considerations but also because there are such things to consider that go above and beyond the spheres of vocabulary and grammar. Examples of these areas are: the varying levels of formality to use when addressing different audiences and the need to write documents that are ‘airtight’. There also exists the overriding concern that this writing should be, in spite of its technical complexity, clear, simple and direct. In addition to satisfying linguistic requirements, a qualified legal professional would also be able to give the delegate more of a feel for the culture of the legal profession in question. Anecdotes and advice are an invaluable source of knowledge.

A legal English course is therefore best delivered by a professional with qualifications in the legal field. This, however, does not necessarily lead to a well-structured, pedagogically-sound course. The second requirement would be that this professional person needs to be a qualified trainer as well. Knowing your subject and knowing how to train it are not the same. How to adapt to the delegate’s exact needs and his/her learning style, how to create easy to understand, interesting, rounded training sessions and how to create delegate-friendly material are some of the additional concerns that a qualified trainer would bring to the training course.

It is therefore essential that a potential delegate does his research before deciding upon a legal English training course and makes sure that his future trainer is dual-qualified. An example of a training organisation which only employs dual-qualified legal English trainers, lawyers as well as qualified English language trainers, is the Culture and Skills Consultancy Communicaid. If the training organisation you make enquiries to does not clearly state this fact and can not provide credentials, then it is highly probable that the training course will be lacking in several of the above-mentioned key areas.

© Communicaid Group Ltd.2010

Jun 22

English became the predominant language of business during the second half of the Twentieth Century for various reasons. The USA became the world’s most important economic power and was also one of the ‘victors’, alongside Britain, of the Second World War. The increasingly international nature of business made moving towards a ‘common’ language a necessity. English was a perfect candidate as it was already spoken as a first or second language by many people around the globe (partially as a result of British colonialism). It is now spoken by over 500 million people in a vast number of territories, including Britain, Canada, the United States of America, Australia, India and Southern Africa and has truly become a ‘global’ language. Business English is therefore considered as being essential for all people who wish to work in any area of business, aviation, computing, etc. As the economy becomes increasingly global, the importance of Business English continues to grow.

Definition  Business samdiesel i What is Business English?

© istockphoto.com/ Samdiesel

‘Business English’ is the wide-embracing term that is used to describe the type of English that is used by people to do business. ‘English for Business focuses on the English language skills necessary to communicate in an increasingly global business environment.’ The range of different subject areas included under the umbrella term ‘Business English’ is wide. The Oxford Business English Dictionary includes the following areas : accounting, commerce, e-commerce, economics, finance, HR, insurance, IT, law, manufacturing, marketing, production, property, the stock exchange, (international) trade, transport. Does this mean that everything which is not considered to be General English is in fact Business English? The answer is no. There is a wider term for English which is not considered to be general: ESP (English for Specific Purposes). This acronym includes all the different areas of ‘Business English’ and more (English for hotels and catering, English for Science, English for Academic Purposes (EAP), etc).

What is generally associated with a ‘Business English’ course are the skills that most people need to be able to do their jobs well: writing e-mails and reports, making presentations, doing negotiations, using the telephone, attending and participating actively in meetings or telephone conferences, receiving visitors, etc The big difference, therefore, is that Business English focuses on the delegate’s job whereas the aim of General English is to improve all the four skills, regardless of the language content.

Consequently, Business English courses need to be carefully planned. The delegate or delegates (if the course is not one-to-one) should initially have their needs and objectives, as well as their language level, analysed before the specific training programme is drawn up. A delegate usually does not want to waste valuable course time learning skills or practising language which are not relevant to his/her professional requirements. Business English training courses are normally paid for by companies and the delegates are therefore in some way accountable for what is achieved. As a result, some sort of agreement needs to be established between the training organisation and the delegate’s company before the training course begins Answers to questions such as: ‘how many hours of training will the delegate require in order to achieve his/her stated objectives?’ or ‘What can the delegate expect to be capable of doing at the end of this course of X number of hours?’ need to be taken into consideration

Company English language training budgets are spent almost entirely on Business English courses. It is therefore imperative that language training organisations fine-tune their service and put themselves in a position from which they can respond rapidly and effectively to this ever-increasing demand.

© Communicaid Group Ltd.2010

Jun 21

It is logical that the international language of business is also used as the international language of law. English, and more correctly, Legal English is now the established language of international law and contract drafting. Lawyers across the world working in private practises, large multinationals and international institutions are now required to possess competency in Legal English.

While legal English courses such as English for Lawyers and Drafting Contracts in English are now widely available for lawyers, training specifically targeted at legal support staff is less commonly recognised. Legal secretaries and paralegals play a vital role in the successful running of any law firm or legal department.

Business Woman 13 nicole waring i Legal English Courses for Legal Secretaries and Paralegals

© istockphoto.com/ Nicole Waring

We all know what a legal secretary is, but what exactly are paralegals? Also known as legal assistants, they support solicitors in their legal tasks. As the Law Society stated in the findings of its research and policy planning study n° 23, ‘…Paralegal staff, properly qualified, enable solicitors to concentrate on the more complex cases and they also increase the productivity of the firm’

As far as finding a suitable training course is concerned, properly trained paralegals and legal secretaries in legal English will help increase the efficiency of the profession they work in and, logically, the confidence of the company’s clients

Legal secretaries and paralegals need to have the skills and technical knowledge to be able to carry out their daily tasks efficiently. These competences can best be acquired on a specialised legal English course.

The content of such a course provides the delegate with essential background knowledge about the different legal systems and the specific terminology associated with them. Punctuation and certain grammatical points can be different in legal writing from everyday business and general language. Therefore, comprehending and being able to interpret legal documents in English is a skill to be learned. Drafting texts such as contracts and legal letters is also important.

Although there are certain fundamentals that all legal secretaries and paralegals should know, law is a vast area and the delegate should look for a training course that adapts as much as possible to his/her specific field of work: tax, intellectual property, real estate, corporate finance, to name a few. It is important that the delegate feels that the time spent on a training course is well spent. This concern diminishes if the training organisation approaches the course in a specific way. The delegate’s level of English and specific needs should be diagnosed before a tailored programme is drawn up. The training organisation should also guarantee that its trainers are dual qualified: legal professionals and English language trainers.

Even though the training course focuses on a specific professional area, it must not be forgotten that the course is in English and the delegate will be learning to carry out specific legal tasks in this language. It is therefore logical to look into the range of legal English courses in the UK, England or even London. In this way, the delegate can be immersed in the English language outside as well as inside the training room. Confidence in the language, clear pronunciation, fluency and ability to understand English spoken at a natural speed are skills which improve by following a course in an English language speaking country. Another advantage of following a legal English course in the UK is that as a paralegal you can experience the legal terminology being used in a natural environment through visits to a Court or to a law firm.

There are a lot of courses for paralegals and legal secretaries in the UK, but there are not many specially designed by organisations to improve the delegate’s linguistic skills at the same time. One such organisation, however, is Communicaid, whose Legal Englishcourses are available in its main training centre in London or in any other place of the delegate’s choice at any time of the year.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 18

English is the accepted language for international trade and commerce and London is one of the main centres of global and European business; it therefore seems logical that attending a Business English course in London is an excellent choice. Among the many advantages that England’s capital offers somebody searching for a Business English course are: the facilities and atmosphere offered by this bubbly city, the immersion factor, the wide choice of training centres and courses on offer and the accessibility of the city itself.

London is considered ‘the place to be’ when it comes to business in Europe. The figures speak for themselves: ‘London is Europe’s financial capital, with nearly 2,000 UK headquartered companies listed on the London markets producing an aggregate market capitalisation of nearly £1.4 trillion ($2.5 trillion).

St Pauls Deejpilot i Learning Business English in London

© istockphoto.com/ Deejpilot

This atmosphere is surely what anybody working in the business would want to experience. Not only is London a great business city, it also offers a wonderful range of entertainment, all of which inevitably helps the delegate on a business English course to learn the language better. London has four world heritage sites, over 200 museums and galleries, ten national trust and ten English Heritage sites, 108 theatres and music halls, five world class symphony orchestras and two opera houses.

At the end of a day’s training in London, the delegate is able to immerse him/herself in the atmosphere of this lively city and listen to English spoken in its natural environment. It is recognised by the majority of delegates on Business English training courses that English spoken by ‘native speakers’ is more difficult to understand than the variety of English spoken by people who use English as a second or even third language. The speed of delivery, the consequent pronunciation changes in fast connected speech and the inclusion of idiomatic expressions, slang and phrasal verbs, for example, can make native speakers notoriously difficult to comprehend. A Business delegate can avoid this problem and hope that his next interlocutor is not English, or he can ‘take the bull by the horns’ and expose him/herself to everyday English, spoken naturally in London.

Deciding on which Business English course in London to choose might present the potential delegate with a lot of problems as the choice of training centres and courses is so wide. It is precisely for this reason, however, that the delegate has more chance of finding a course which mirrors exactly what he/she is looking for. The delegate needs to be careful and do his/her research thoroughly. There is, however, another way. Instead of tying to find a course that responds to his/her demands, maybe it would be better for the delegate to check out other kinds of organisation such as the Culture and Communication Skills Consultancy, Communicaid, which designs the programme of study to respond to the objectives, needs and level of the delegate.

London also offers regular opportunities to take an English business exam as there are a lot of accredited examination centres in this city. Cambridge and LCCI are two of the most popular.
London remains one of the most accessible cities in the world. It is relatively cheap and easy to travel to thanks to its four London airports and Eurostar station. For anybody in Europe, London is no more than a few hours away.

© Communicaid Group Ltd 2010

Jun 17

Following a legal English course in France is a training option which should be seriously considered by companies in France. Why send your employees to an English-speaking country such as England or the USA when they can be trained in the comfort of their own offices? Finding a legal English course in France has never been easier now that training companies such as Communicaid offer such flexibility that courses can be adapted to the logistical requirements of the delegate.

Chinese businesspeople 5 Izusek i Learning Legal English in France

© istockphoto.com/ Izusek

The English language teaching industry is becoming increasingly flexible as a service-provider. It was previously only possible to learn English in certain training centres and these were usually situated in larger towns. After that, immersions became very popular with companies providing the budgets and the time to send their employees to the target language country.

Now, there exists the added possibility of receiving the trainer in your own office, wherever you are in France. This is the ideal choice for professionals who are unable to leave their workplace unattended for long periods of time in order to follow a course. It also brings the trainer into direct contact with the reality of the delegate’s professional situation, therefore providing the trainer with obvious opportunities to adapt the legal English course content to precisely what the delegate requires. Authentic legal materials are at hand and the real-life working environment allows the trainer to experience and ‘feel’ the delegate’s needs.

It is also possible to gain an internationally-recognised legal English qualification in France. The University of Cambridge ILEC (International Legal English Certificate) can be taken in about 13 different examination centres in France ranging from Paris to Marseilles. The TOLES (Test of Legal English skills) can now be taken in Paris with Communicaid.

The quality of a legal English course, whether in France or England, depends essentially on the trainer and such factors as his/her knowledge of the subject matter, experience in the legal profession and ability to transfer knowledge effectively and efficiently. The immersion factor is not so important as the delegate is most probably particularly interested in specific terminology and skills directly related to legal English and not in the additional ‘benefits’ of an immersion course (everyday English terms, idioms, pronunciation differences, slang, cultural experiences, etc). An effective trainer is a mobile trainer who is not necessarily attached to a training room in a certain city. He/she can be flown from London to Paris, for example, to deliver courses on agreed-upon dates.

As pressure on workers’ time increases, French companies will be very interested in the possibility of their employees following an legal English training course in France, delivered by a qualified, experienced legal professional. The increased flexibility of the service provided by the language training industry has brought the training closer to both the delegate’s office and his/her needs and objectives.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 16

What are the reasons why so many professional people are currently attending Business English courses? The answer to this question is simple. English is the language for doing International Business. As a consequence, companies need those employees who are in relation with foreign clients or suppliers to have the skills in English which enable them to do their work efficiently. Even if an employee has good knowledge of the English language, he/she still needs to acquire the language to their professional area (logistics, human resources, etc.) and therefore need to attend a Business English course.

In this post we will look at why English is in this position, what the implications of this are for the English language and Business English training courses and what future developments we can expect to witness.

Businessman Pali Rao i Business English as International Language of Business

© istockphoto.com/ Pali Rao

British colonialism spread the English language around the globe as it was administratively imposed on the non-English speakers in these colonies. English started to become increasingly influential on the world-scene at the beginning of the Twentieth Century. The Versailles Treaty of 1919 was drawn up not only in French (the diplomatic language of the time) but also in English. The US’s powerful political, military and economic position in the second half of the Twentieth Century meant that English became the main language of communication in such organisations as NATO and the IMF. The following facts from the British Council website reveal the current widespread use of English: English is spoken as a first language by around 375 million and as a second language by around 375 million speakers. Around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language.

Due to the fact that Business English is so important, companies require increasing numbers of their employees to have knowledge of this language. This knowledge is no longer the preserve of people in positions of responsibility; technicians who have to phone for support in another country and receptionists who receive foreign delegations also need to be able to do certain parts of their jobs in English. Companies therefore allocate a proportion of their training budgets to business English courses. This more diverse demand has led to the development of training courses which specialise in exactly what the delegate needs to know in order to be able to function correctly at work.

As Business is done in English between people who are not necessarily native speakers of the language, a simplified version of English is now emerging. This version is sometimes called ‘standard’ or ‘international’ English. This new type of English for Business purposes is trimmed of all the non-essential grammatical structures and has a reduced common vocabulary. Phrasal verbs such as ‘go on ‘ and ‘set up’ are not as important as ‘continue ‘ and ‘create’, for example, and knowledge of the difference between the present perfect and the past simple is no longer a priority in the training room.

The primordial objective of the business person using international business English is to communicate efficiently and effectively. Native speakers with their fast delivery, colloquial expressions and unclear pronunciation are feared in the business place as they have become the most difficult people to understand. The result of this is that native speakers may have to start learning how to speak a more communication-friendly form of their own language – i.e. international English

According to a recent BBC article, US economic, military and political dominance is likely to decline over the next two decades. This change shows that the situation that made English into the international Business language is going to change in the future. Will this mean that another language will replace English as the new language of international business communication? It is improbable as Chinese, for example, is such a difficult language to learn and does not have the same world-wide spread as English. Another emerging economy, India, already uses English substantially in everyday life. It is also true to say that International English is easier to learn than other forms of English such as British English or American English. The result is that this standardised international version of English will become more and more prevalent in international business and training courses will have to reflect this reality.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 16

Legal language in English is often referred to as ‘legalese’. This implies that there are lexical and grammatical differences which make this type of English distinct. Many of the differences between legal English and general or business English have come about as a result of its origins and history. We will look at this aspect in the first part of the post. The second part will focus on some of these lexical and grammatical differences and the final section will concentrate on the move to render Legal English more comprehensible.

Legal English has French and Latin influences. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became king of England. William and his followers spoke a type of French and their legal documents were written in Latin. Latin was replaced by French as the dominant legal language around 1275, which in turn gave way to English under the Statute of Pleading in 1362.

Dictionary English Christopher Ewing i Legal Language in English

© istockphoto.com/ Christopher Ewing

Even though a lot of Latin words and phrases still exist in legal English, it was the French language which had a greater influence. This situation is also true in the United Sates. Even though the Americans won independence from Britain, they did not change the Legal language the British had established in their country.

Here is a list of some of the Latin terms and maxims that are used in legal English.

A lot of them are also common in general English. As well as having lexical differences from other forms of English, Legal English can also use grammar in a special way. At times, it even seems to have its own grammatical rules. Here is an example of a sentence whose word order would appear to have French origins: ‘the provisions for termination hereinafter appearing or will at the cost of the borrower forthwith comply with the same’

Another example concerning grammar is the fact that legal documents are written in the present tense although they refer to the future: not “the mortgagee will agree to lend the sum of £ 20,000” but “the mortgagee agrees to lend the sum…”

These linguistic ‘difficulties’ have led to the creation of the lobby group ‘the Plain English Campaign’. This movement became important in the 1970s on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed an executive order that required Federal regulations be “as simple and clear as possible”. Likewise, in the new rules of civil procedure which were introduced in 1999 in England, some changes in the Legal English used were noticeable. Such terms as: subpoena, in camera, writ and plaintiff now have simpler alternatives (witness summons, private hearing, claim form and claimant).

Although some changes have been made, Legal English still remains a form of English that is difficult for people who have English as a second language to understand. It is therefore both logical and extremely important that all professional people who have dealings in any way with legal documents or legal matters in English, should attend a specialized Legal English course. This type of course is offered by such organisations as the Culture and Communication Skills Consultancy, Communicaid.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

Jun 15

In this post we are going to look at why English is the predominant language for the drafting of contracts, the implications this has for companies and their lawyers and the possible solution of finding a legal English course which specialises in drafting contacts.

English is the international language of business for a variety of reasons. The US is the dominant world economy and military power and two of the world’s main financial centres are also English-speaking (London and New York). As Dr Volker Triebel stated in his essay ‘Pitfalls of English as a Contract Language‘ nearly half of the companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 are headquartered in an English-speaking country (Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland or the USA).

Man carying foldersTommL i Drafting Contracts in English

© istockphoto.com/ TommL

Logically, negotiations between companies on the international stage predominantly take place in English and consequently the contracts that are drafted are also in this language. As Anglo-American firms merge with European companies, English is becoming increasingly important in Europe, even though the body of law is different on mainland Europe from that which exists in Britain, and the US, for example.

In Europe, civil law is used (based on written statutes) whereas in common-law jurisdictions, such as England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the US the laws primarily come from customs, usage and earlier court decisions. Bilingual contracts are now a thing of the past and so international company lawyers no longer have the option of not being skilled in the English language needed for drafting contracts.

The situation mentioned above means that company lawyers now have to draft contracts in English and interpret contacts in this language as well. They also have to know about the implications for drafting under Common versus Civil jurisdictions. Simply knowing the English language is not sufficient to have competence in such a complex and highly-skilled area.

The only credible solution is to send their lawyers on a Drafting contracts in Englishtraining course which caters for these special needs. Training centres do offer legal English courses, but Communicaid, the Culture and Communication Skills Consultancy, actually offers a ‘Drafting Contracts in English’ training course. It is now in its eighteenth year and the specialised trainers are themselves both qualified trainers and legal professionals. The main training centre for this skills consultancy is based in London, UK. This course is aimed at lawyers whose second language is English and ‘who need to draft, explain and interpret contract clauses written in English but under their domestic jurisdiction’.

© Communicaid Group Ltd. 2010

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